Wind in brief
Wind energy captures the kinetic energy of moving air with turbines and converts it into electricity. It is now one of the cheapest sources of new power in much of the world.
Turbines are grouped into wind farms. On land they sit on hills, plains and coasts; offshore they stand on foundations fixed to the seabed or, increasingly, on floating platforms in deeper water where winds are stronger and steadier.
How it works
- Lift turns the rotor. Air flowing over the blades creates lift, like an aircraft wing, turning the rotor at roughly 5 to 15 revolutions per minute.
- The generator converts motion. The rotor drives a generator, either through a gearbox or directly (direct drive), producing electricity.
- Power is conditioned. Power electronics and a transformer in each turbine match the grid's frequency and step up the voltage.
- Cables carry it to the grid. Array cables link turbines to a substation; offshore, an export cable brings the power ashore.
Main technologies
- Onshore: The most established and lowest-cost form.
- Offshore, fixed: Monopile or jacket foundations, typically up to about 60 m of water.
- Offshore, floating: Turbines on moored floating platforms for deep water.
Strengths
- Very low running costs and no fuel
- Fast to build at scale
- Strong, steady winds offshore
Challenges
- Output varies with the weather
- Needs grid capacity and flexibility
- Planning, wildlife and visual impact
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